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Upliftment of productivity and disease diagnosis.
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Abstract: All the parasites enter
into the body through various pathways invading the host immune system and complete
the life-cycle and trypanosomes are no different from this. To ensure survival and propagation, the parasites exploit and manipulate the host defence
factors to restore normal body function during infection. The manipulation by parasite causes evasion of host immune
response and at the same time the host ends up sustaining some self-inflicted
collateral tissue damage. When there is Trypanosoma infection, the activation
of effector and suppressor cells occurs and thus balancing between two
contradictory branches of immunity that will determine the degree of resilience
of the host to the agent. The trypanosomes invade the host immunity directly or
indirectly. Parasite related factors like antigenic variation are the direct
factor whereas, indirectly the suppressor cells are inducted following
infection. Cell like a suppressive macrophage, regulatory T cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell are known to cause suppression of host immunity in
trypanosomiasis. During infection,
both the innate and adaptive immunity fight against the protozoa invasions.
Innate immunity is mainly contributed by macrophages. During the infection with
trypanosomes, activation of the both alternative and classical pathway occurs. The
outcome of infection is regulated by both helper T cells and cytotoxic-T cells
play an important. The parasite escape from the host immune response through antigenic
variation. Apart from this, enormous VSG of trypanosomes are shredded in the
circulation that forms immune complexes with antibodies, thereby deposition of “membrane
attack complexes” are prevented the on the parasitic cell membrane that
ultimately avoids lysis of Trypanosoma
mediated by complement. Be that as it
may, an examination into new trypanocides has stayed lacking for quite a long
time, prompting a circumstance where a couple of mixtures accessible are
losing viability because of the rise of drug-resistant parasites.
Abstract: India boasts of having the largest agriculture and allied sector across
the globe. To supply the requirement for agricultural activities and for
quality by-products, people’s need exists to upgrade them by employing new
strategies. Because, as the world’s population is constantly increasing, the landmass is constantly decreasing. Hence, to produce efficiently in a restricted landmass is the need of the hour. Though India has the highest agricultural production,
it lags behind many other developed countries when it comes to average
production because we don’t cater to balanced nutrition and there is less
availability of fertile soil and inadequate availability of fodder during
drought. There arises a need to find some sustainable and substitute sources so
that we can overcome the hindrances in these sectors and achieve a good
production. Azolla is no doubt a one-stop and easy solution for this problem.
It contains all the nutrients, minerals and amino acids (essential) with no
adverse effects. And it can be easily grown as well in a short period of time. It
acts as ideal manure during cultivation and an ideal feed supplement for livestock
as well. Apart from this, Azolla extracts possess a therapeutic potential that
helps in the prevention of acute and chronic inflammation.
A ten-year-old male thoroughbred horse was presented with a history of colic, inappetence, dullness, nasal discharge and dark yellowish urine.
Clinical examination revealed mild fever, tachypnoea and icteric conjunctival mucus membrane. Blood smear examination revealed the presence of Thileria equi parasite in R.B.C. Haematological examination revealed anaemia, leukopenia accompanied by lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia while important biochemical alteration was increased level of unconjugated bilirubin in the affected horse. On the basis of history, clinical and laboratory examination, the case was diagnosed as equine piroplasmosis and treated successfully with Inj. Buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg I/M and supportive therapy.