Budesonide-Cyclodextrin in Hydrogel System: Impact of Quaternary Surfactant on in vitro-in vivo Assessment of Mucosal Drug Delivery

Budesonide, a glucocorticosteroid is generally used to treat chronic inflammation and asthma. Hepatic first-pass metabolism and poor solubility are the major causes of its limited oral bioavailability. Present work was undertaken for the preparation of hydrogel film formulation with cyclodextrin complexation of budesonide containing quaternary surfactant for possible enhancement of mucosal permeation. FTIR study confirmed drug-polymer hydrogen bonding. Almost complete amorphization of the drug was pronounced by SEM, DSC and XRD studies. The film containing benzalkonium and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin exhibited in vitro dissolution and mucosal permeation to the highest extent of 87.2 and 95.8 % respectively in contrast to the others. Film formed hydrogel in aqueous mucin and enhanced the mucosal tissue residence time due to the mucoadhesive nature of the polymer. Acute inflammation in the rabbit eye was controlled within 3 h by applying the film in the cul-de-sac. The presence of cyclodextrin and quaternary surfactant brought about significantly improved drug release and mucosal permeation compared to their absence in the HPMC film. Hydrogel formed in aqueous mucin enhanced the mucosal residence time and controlled acute inflammation in the rabbit eye within 3 h after topical application.

Nano Carrier System: A Novel Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery

Nanoformulations (nanodrug) are superior to traditional medicine with respect to control release, targeted delivery and therapeutic effects. Such nanomedicine targeting capabilities are influenced by particle size, surface charge, surface modification, and hydrophobicity. Among these, it is important to determine the size and size distributions of nanoparticles for their interaction with the cell membrane and their penetration across the physiological drug barriers. The size of nanoparticles used to cross different biological barriers depends on the tissue, target site and circulation. For the cellular internalization of the nanoparticles, surface charge is important in determining whether the nanoparticles would cluster in blood flow or would adhere to, or interact with oppositely charged cell membranes. Persistence of nanoparticles is needed in systemic circulation of the body For the targeted delivery. But the fixed macrophages of the mononuclear phagocytic system organs rapidly opsonize and massively clear the conventional nanoparticles with hydrophobic surface. The surface of conventional nanoparticles are modified with different molecules to improve circulation time and persistence in the blood. Coating of hydrophilic polymers can create a cloud of chains at the particle surface which will repel plasma proteins. Finally, morphological characteristics, surface chemistry, and molecular weight influence the performance of nanoparticles in- vivo. Surface modified nanoparticles have anti-adhesive properties by virtue of the extended configuration on the particle surface which acts as steric barrier reducing the extent of clearance by circulating macrophages of the liver and promoting the possibility of undergoing enhanced permeation process. Release mechanism can be modulated by the molecular weight of the polymer used. Higher the molecular weight of polymer slower will be the in- vitro release of drugs. Nanoparticles are receiving considerable attention for the delivery of therapeutic drugs. The literature emphasizes the advantages of nanoparticles over microparticles and liposomes.

Recent Development of Marketing Strategy in Pharmaceutical Industry

The recent trends among pharmaceuticals firms of implementing marketing and integrating new mechanisms for upgrading the innovation process also a new challenge for integrating marketing inputs is one of the fundamental challenges for the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time it is expected that after 1 January 2005, when international patent Laws will be implemented, Indian pharmaceutical industry will undergo phenomenal changes. Indian domestic pharmaceutical industry experienced a significant increase in expenditure on research and development to be competitive on the world market. Although the Indian pharmaceutical market is very limited and has no enough funding for the development of new drugs. In order to remain competitive in this highly regulated field the primary purposes of this paper is to address the evolution of marketing strategies employed by pharmaceutical industries.

Aspirin hydrogel ocular film for topical delivery and ophthalmic anti-inflammation

Ocular drug delivery in hydrogel forming film form has several benefits over conventional dosage forms. Ophthalmic anti-inflammation study have been undertaken using topically applied aspirin in hydrogel film formulation. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix film formulation was prepared by solvent casting and evaporation technique by taking triethanolamine (TEA) as a plasticizer. Ex vivo corneal permeation as well as anti-inflammatory potential of aspirin was studied on carrageenan induced rabbit eye model. Moisture uptake was found to be in the range of 17.097 and 19.139 % for all the film formulations. Higher HPMC content in the film exhibited increased both the moisture uptake and content of swelling. Among the formulations the swelling order was found to be increasing according to the increasing amount of HPMC in the film. Presence of hydrogel matrix forming polymer sustained the drug release and corneal permeation for more than 6 h and controlled the process by diffusion mechanism. The signs of carrageenan induced acute inflammation have been inhibited completely just within 2 h of placing the film in the rabbit eye whilst the positive control continued showing redness and increased tear secretion. Aspirin ocular film formulation could be utilized for ocular anti-inflammation for an extended period of time with better patient compliance. Keywords: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ocular delivery; HPMC; swelling and erosion. INTRODUCTION Hydrogel based formulations for ocular drug delivery have several benefits over conventional dosage forms such as the enhanced probability of delivering drugs at a slow and uniform flow, improved ocular residence time and proper dosing.1 This also will ensure better patient compliance due to the reduced *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC210504019N Acce

Risk factors, Diagnostic Parameters, and Cellular Identification of Ovarian Malignancy: A Brief Review

Women are most likely to develop ovarian carcinoma, the leading source of transience and morbidity for cancers that affect women. As the seventh greatest deadly malignancy among women, it is composed of heterogeneous groups of neoplasms. Studies have identified numerous endogenous and exogenous factors associated with ovarian cancer development. The International Federation released a report of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (FIGO) on this development has led to a revision of the staging system to provide prognostic information and recommendations regarding the treatment of ovarian cancer. Various cancer drugs have been developed over the past several years that are less toxic and more effective, so there is an increasing need for exact and consistent cancer diagnostics and prognoses. In managing ovarian cancer, biomarkers have helped separate benign from malignant mass in the pelvis and monitor response to treatment. Over the past four decades, CA125 has been the primary marker for ovarian cancer. This study is intended to present an updated global view of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, the most common form.

A Review on Herbal Formulation in the Management of Vitiligo

Dysfunction or death of pigment-producing cells causes vitiligo. As a result, white patches or macules can appear on anywhere on the body including the mouth, eyes, hair, and other areas. Vitiligo is more noticeable in darken skin people. It is not contagious or life-threatening but may lead to mental stress or get down to one’s self-confidence. It occurs in both males and females. There is a wide variety of medical treatments available for those suffering from vitiligo. The treatment range from steroid creams to phototherapy, to surgery. Plant-based therapeutic preparation is recurrent to complement dermatological therapy. There is the use of traditional herbal drugs in vitiligo treatment. Some herbs are used topically on one’s skin or orally consumed which helps in minimizing or decreasing the white patches or macules. Herbal drugs constituents like capsaicin, piperine, curcumin, khellin, green tea polyphenols having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-necrobiosis properties are found to have very effective treatment options for vitiligo.

Pharmaceutico-Analytical Evaluation Sesame oilof

Herbal medicines are considered as the preferred treatment option for various common ailments in almost all parts of India because of their traditional values, lesser known side effects, easy accessibility, and affordability and so on. In spite of several advancements, modern medical science failed to cater to the needs of all people and deal with ever increasing diseases and disorders. The people from the socio-economic weaker sections and those living in remote areas rely solely on herbal medicines for healthcare needs, which are the only accessible and affordable therapy.

Review on Impact of Biomarkers in Breast Cell Carcinoma

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Impact of sodium starch glycolate on Physico-chemical characteristics of mouth dissolving film of Fexofenadine

Films are prepared by slurry casting technique using sodium starch glycolate as a viscosity enhancer and polypropylene glycol as a plasticizer. The prepared film was investigated for the effectiveness of super disintegrant as a disintegrating agent as well as on viscosity. Disintegration time is one of the major contributing factors toward drug release from film formulation. The super-disintegrant sodium starch glycolate is the widely used and best disintegrating agent. Recent studies were to explore the impact of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) concentration on the slurry viscosity before casting, thickness, disintegration time, and mechanical properties containing fexofenadine were depicted. Mass uniformity, surface pH, % elongation, tensile strength, thickness, swelling, and spreadability were found to be within the standard limiting value. The weight of the films ranges from 12 mg to 21mg which showed a thickness of 0.166mm to 0.021 mm. similarly folding endurance showed good flexibility. Due to proper pH, there is no signs of irritation inside the buccal chamber. The amount of drug content in all the three formulations is more than 95% , possessing good tensile strength and % elongation which indicated that the formulations were satisfactory.

Films are prepared by slurry casting technique using sodium starch glycolate as a viscosity enhancer and polypropylene glycol as a plasticizer. The prepared film was investigated for the effectiveness of super disintegrant as a disintegrating agent as well as on viscosity. Disintegration time is one of the major contributing factors toward drug release from film formulation. The super-disintegrant sodium starch glycolate is the widely used and best disintegrating agent. Recent studies were to explore the impact of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) concentration on the slurry viscosity before casting, thickness, disintegration time, and mechanical properties containing fexofenadine were depicted. Mass uniformity, surface pH, % elongation, tensile strength, thickness, swelling, and spreadability were found to be within the standard limiting value. The weight of the films ranges from 12 mg to 21mg which showed a thickness of 0.166mm to 0.021 mm. similarly folding endurance showed good flexibility. Due to proper pH, there is no signs of irritation inside the buccal chamber. The amount of drug content in all the three formulations is more than 95% , possessing good tensile strength and % elongation which indicated that the formulations were satisfactory.